Grants, Procurements and other financial arrangements (RMG 411)

The Commonwealth Grants Rules and Principles 2017 (CGRPs) and Commonwealth Procurement Rules (CPRs) establish the Australian Government’s policy framework for grants administration and procurement.  The CGRPs and CPRs are issued by the Finance Minister under the Public Governance, Performance and Accountability Act 2013
(PGPA Act).

The purpose of this guide is to provide detailed information to non-corporate Commonwealth entities (NCEs) on how to distinguish between grants, procurements and other financial arrangements, and the relevant framework that applies.

A range of financial arrangements can be used to address policy outcomes.  At the outset, the decision to use a particular financial arrangement should be part of a considered process to assess whether a particular financial arrangement, such as a grant, is the most appropriate mechanism to address the Government’s policy outcomes.  All decisions to use a particular financial arrangement should be underpinned by analysis and a strong policy rationale.

In determining which financial arrangement to use to address the Government's policy outcomes, officials should focus on the substantive purpose and characteristics of the arrangement. Officials should document the reasons for deciding to use a particular arrangement. Officials must apply the relevant framework (i.e. policy, processes and legal requirements) to the financial arrangement once chosen.  Officials must also ensure that they use the latest versions of the CPRs and CGRPs when characterising an arrangement.

In addition to the guidance contained in this RMG, there are two tools attached to assist entities to comply with the requirements under the PGPA Act and promote the proper use of public resources:

• A summary of the typical types of financial arrangements, and a list of relevant guidance material at Attachment A; and
• A list of considerations that may assist in identifying the most likely type of financial arrangement for common Government activities at Attachment B.

These tools are aids and are not designed to capture each particular circumstance, nor are the lists exclusive. Officials should consult these tools to consider the most appropriate financial arrangement prior to seeking advice from Finance.

Where an arrangement meets the definition of a grant, then the CGRPs apply.

The CGRPs are issued by the Finance Minister under section 105C of the PGPA Act.  The CGRPs establish the overarching Commonwealth grants policy framework and articulate the Government’s expectations in relation to grants administration. 

Grants are widely used to achieve Government policy outcomes. Types of grants may include but are not limited to: research grants; grants that provide for the delivery of services such as health services and legal services; grants that help fund infrastructure; or grants that help build capacity.

For the purposes of the CGRPs, a grant is defined in paragraph 2.3 as: an arrangement for the provision of financial assistance by the Commonwealth or on behalf of the Commonwealth:

• under which relevant money or other CRF money is to be paid to a grantee other than the Commonwealth; and
•  which is intended to help address one or more of the Australian Government’s policy outcomes while assisting the grantee achieve its objectives.

A grant can be allocated through different ways, ranging from one-off or ad hoc grants, demand-driven grants, or grants made as a result of competitive assessment.  Entities should apply the requirements and the principles of the CGRPs according to the nature of the grant they are administering.

Expenditure that does not relate to the ordinary and well-recognised functions of government requires legislative authority in addition to an appropriation act.  The legislative authority can be established in a portfolio’s primary legislation, the Federal Financial Relations Act 2009, or by delegated legislation such as regulations or other legislative instruments.  Many grants are authorised under section 32B of the Financial Framework (Supplementary Powers) Act 1997 (FF(SP) Act) and are listed in Schedule 1AA or Schedule 1AB to the Financial Framework (Supplementary Powers) Regulations 1997 (the FF(SP) Regulations).

Government spending activities that are usually defined as grants can take a variety of forms such as: 

• a result of competitive or non-competitive selection processes
• where particular eligibility criteria are satisfied or
• a one-off ad hoc basis. Grants provided on a one-off ad hoc basis include a circumstance where all of the following apply:
  • there is an urgent need for payment to a person or body to address an unexpected or unforeseen need and 
  • there is not an opportunity to establish a competitive or other non-competitive process to consider potential applicants and 
  • the grant is to be made available only to one, or a very small number of, persons or bodies; and the grant is not expected to be repeated or made on an ongoing basis.

Gifts of relevant money

A gift of relevant money is a grant. The CGRPs apply to gifts of relevant money. Like all payments of relevant money, a gift of relevant money must be a ‘proper’ use of public resources.

Gifts of relevant money generally do not have terms and conditions applied and do not require a recipient to undertake the expenditure in accordance with a specified purpose. 

Benefits or entitlement payments

Where a benefit or entitlement payment is not established through specific legislation (see paragraphs 31-33 below) (other than section 32B of the FF(SP) Act, section 23 of the PGPA Act, or an appropriation act) it should be treated as a grant and officials must comply with the CGRPs.

Subsidies or Rebates

Subsidies and rebates can involve a wide range of arrangements, such as tax concessions and entitlement payments.  Where subsidies and rebates create an entitlement to financial assistance, but are not established by specific legislation, they will generally meet the definition of a grant and the CGRPs will apply.  Where the authority to enter into the arrangement comes from section 32B of the FF(SP) Act and Schedule 1AA or Schedule 1AB of the FF(SP) Regulations, the arrangement will generally meet the definition of a grant and the CGRPs will apply.

Sponsorships

Sponsorships, which provide financial assistance to individuals or organisations, whether directly to a recipient or through a third party, will generally meet the definition of a grant.  However, a sponsorship may amount to procurement where it involves acquiring a good or service, for example, purchasing advertising space or a conference sponsorship package.

Scholarships

Scholarships, which provide financial assistance to individuals, whether directly to a recipient or through a third party, will generally meet the definition of a grant.  Where there is a work placement component to a scholarship program, officials should ensure they are aware of any relevant employment related requirements in legislation.

Arrangements taken not to be grants for the purposes of the CGRPs

Some financial arrangements that are grants are not required to comply with the mandatory requirements of Part 1 of the CGRPs for policy reasons.  Generally, they are excluded as they are subject to separate legislative or administrative arrangements that provide an appropriate level of transparency and accountability.  

Arrangements taken not to be grants for the purposes of the CGRPs are listed in paragraph 2.6 of the CGRPs. For example, some payments to States[1] or Official Development Assistance (ODA) payments fall within this category.   Guidance on some of the range of financial arrangements referred to in paragraph 2.6 is available on the Finance website.

Even if a particular grant is not subject to the mandatory requirements of the CGRPs, entities are encouraged to consider the key principles of grants administration set out in the CGRPs, as these reflect best practice for any type of granting activity.

A payment from a non-corporate Commonwealth entity to a Corporate Commonwealth entity may be a grant, as they are legally separate to the Commonwealth. 

If a payment from a non-corporate Commonwealth entity to a Corporate Commonwealth entity meets the definition of a grant in paragraph 2.3 of the CGRPs, and is not included in the exclusions in paragraph 2.6 of the CGRPs, then it is a grant. Paragraph 2.6 excludes payments to non-corporate Commonwealth entities, which are made for operational purposes.

• for example, where an NCE is providing funding for the CCE to undertake research to achieve a particular policy outcome.  Officials should consult Finance if they are unsure if an arrangement would fall under the CGRPs.

The CPRs are issued by the Finance Minister under section 105B of the PGPA Act.  

The CPRs are the core rule set of the Commonwealth procurement policy framework and articulate the Government's expectations of Commonwealth entities. 

Procurements

Procurement encompasses the whole process of acquiring goods and services.  It begins when a need has been identified and a decision has been made on the procurement requirement.  Procurement continues through the processes of risk assessment, seeking and evaluating alternative solutions, the awarding of a contract, the delivery of and payment for the goods and services and, where relevant, the ongoing management of the contract and consideration of disposal of goods.

In addition to the acquisition of goods and services by an entity for its own use, procurement includes the acquisition of goods and services on behalf of another entity or a third party. Where an arrangement meets the definition of a procurement, then the CPRs apply.

Memberships

Where the Commonwealth purchases a membership to a group, for either its own use, use by officials, or the use of a third party, this will most likely constitute procurement under the resource management framework.

Arrangements not considered to be procurements

There are some arrangements which are not considered to be procurements, despite exhibiting the characteristics of procurement.  Under paragraph 2.9 of the CPRs, statutory appointments, appointments by Ministers and the engagement of employees (such as under the Public Service Act 1999, the Parliamentary Services Act 1999, or a relevant entity’s enabling legislation), amongst other things, are not considered to be procurements.

Questions about the application of the CPRs should be directed to procurementagencyadvice@finance.gov.au

Acquisition of goods and services by an NCE from an NCE

If an NCE has acquired goods and services directly from another NCE without approaching other suppliers, this should be treated as an ‘other’ financial arrangement and should not be treated as a procurement and reported on AusTender.

• If a Commonwealth entity has undertaken a competitive process, in accordance with the CPRs, that results in the awarding of a contract to a Commonwealth entity, then it must be treated as a procurement and reported on AusTender.

Accountable authorities, officials or Ministers may choose arrangements other than grants or procurements if it is deemed appropriate.  The most common types of ‘other’ arrangements are listed below with a brief explanation.

Act of grace payments

The act of grace power under section 65 of the PGPA Act allows the Finance Minister or delegate to authorise one-off and periodic payments to individuals or other bodies (such as companies), if he or she considers it appropriate because of special circumstances.

Compensation payments

Compensation payments include payments intended to compensate individuals or groups for financial loss or other adverse consequences caused by a decision, action or omission by the Australian Government. It also includes discretionary compensation where the Australian Government is under no legal obligation to make a payment.

Examples of compensation payments include: payments made under the Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2004, or the Scheme for Compensation for Detriment caused by Defective Administration (the CDDA Scheme) and payments made under section 73 of the Public Service Act 1999 .

A payment to a person of a benefit or entitlement established by specific legislation

An entitlement is a right to apply for or claim, a benefit established by specific legislation. The entitlement creates an obligation on the Australian Government to provide the benefit if relevant criteria are satisfied and may or may not place obligations on recipients of entitlements.

Examples of entitlements that operate through specific legislation include: pension payments made through the Social Security (Administration Act) 1999 ; payments to veterans through the Veterans’ Entitlements Act 1986 ; and payments made under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and Repatriation Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme . Entitlements to claim a benefit where legislative authority for the payment of the benefit has been established under section 32B of the FF(SP) Act, section 23 of the PGPA Act, or a specific appropriation act do not meet this definition and are generally considered to be grants.

Tax concessions or offsets

The Australian Taxation Office (ATO) administers legislation governing taxation. Any entity implementing a financial arrangement that involves matters of taxation should consult with the ATO in the first instance.

Investments

An investment is an arrangement that involves the purchase of an asset by the Commonwealth for the primary purpose of earning income or a profitable return.

Investments are made under the authority of specific enabling legislation, such as the Future Fund Act 2006 or section 58 of the PGPA Act.  However, as a general principle, relevant money administered by non-corporate Commonwealth entities should not be invested by them, as cash and debt management is generally conducted at the whole-of-government level.

Loans

A loan is an arrangement under which the Commonwealth advances a sum of money to an external recipient with the recipient agreeing to repay that sum (with or without interest) on a future date or on demand.

Loans are made for a variety of reasons, including policy purposes and as a means of facilitating repayments to the Commonwealth.  Unlike an investment, the primary purpose of a loan is not to earn a commercial rate of return or profit for the Commonwealth.  While interest may be payable under a loan, it may not be at commercial rates.

An amount of money that is required to be repaid without interest or at a concessional rate of interest should generally be considered a concessional loan, rather than a grant.  However, there may be cases where a concessional component of a loan could be considered a grant (for example, as part of a granting activity or grant program design). Entities should consult with Finance if they are unsure whether the CGRPs apply in particular circumstances.

In determining whether an arrangement is to be a loan, accountable authorities and officials should consider what their ideal outcome would be.  If the expected outcome is for the funds to be returned to the Commonwealth, then it is most likely that the arrangement is not a grant.

Loan guarantees are neither loans nor grants.  They are a contingent liability incurred by the Commonwealth.  A guarantee for the payment of any amount of principal or interest due on a loan would fall under section 60 of the PGPA Act. The Finance Minister has delegated his or her power under section 60 with directions to accountable authorities, which must be complied with before entering into a loan guarantee on behalf of the Commonwealth.

^[1] Information on the Finance Minister’s delegation of powers and functions in PGPA legislation can be found under https://www.finance.gov.au/government/managing-commonwealth-resources/pgpa-legislation-associated-instruments-policies. For further information refer to RMG 414 Indemnities, guarantees or warranties granted by the Commonwealth

Gifts of relevant property

A gift of relevant property involves the provision of relevant property to another party. Gifts of relevant property are governed by section 66 of the PGPA Act.

Payments to the States and Territories

A payment to the States under the Federal Financial Relations Act 2009 to provide ongoing financial support for the delivery of services through the states or territories for a variety of means is not a grant for the purposes of the CGRPs.

Each State and Territory has its own procurement rules. Where a State or Territory, acquires goods and services using money provided from the Commonwealth, the procurement rules for that jurisdiction apply to the procurement.

The dot points below may assist officials as they consider whether a financial arrangement would be more likely to be considered a procurement, grant, or ‘other’ noting that a number of questions may need to be answered before the position becomes clear.  These points are not definitive or exhaustive and officials should consider all aspects to determine which framework applies. 

The financial arrangement is more likely to be a GRANT if:

• The goods and services are described according to inputs/ contributions, outputs and/ or outcomes, for example:
  • improved health outcomes amongst a target population;
  • a reduction in homelessness;
  • improved employment outcomes for a target group; or
  • a contribution to assist a business sector to promote products overseas.
• Part of the services would be provided without a contribution from the Government.
• The financial assistance is provided through a co-contribution.
• The financial assistance is to build capacity.
• The financial assistance is to help an organisation to purchase an asset for its own control and use.
• The financial assistance is for the purposes of conducting a pilot.
• The financial assistance provided is for the purposes of facilitating research, innovation or entrepreneurship.
• The financial assistance is provided as a payment without any conditions, which is not covered by specific legislation. For example, a cash gift or prize.

• The financial assistance is provided to assist following a disaster, crisis or other significant event, which is not covered by specific legislation.

  The financial arrangement is more likely to be a PROCUREMENT if the:

• Government is acquiring goods or services for its own use.
• Government is acquiring the goods or services for use by another relevant entity or a third party.
• Commonwealth entity has undertaken a competitive process, in accordance with the CPRs, that results in the awarding of a contract to a Commonwealth entity.
• Commonwealth needs ownership, control of, or title to the equipment, property, infrastructure, IP or other asset.
• goods or services were previously provided by a Commonwealth official or entity, and the goods and services are now being provided by a third party.
• goods or services would not be provided if the Commonwealth declined to provide financial support.
• goods or services can be quantified, described or measured, for example:
  • an Information Technology product delivered to a specification requested by the Commonwealth;
  • a review and report according to the process required by the Commonwealth; or
  • hours of a specific service provided according to a contract.

The financial arrangement may more likely fall into an OTHER arrangement if the:

• Government is mainly seeking to receive a financial rate of return.
• payment needs to be repaid if the recipient makes a profit.
• payment involves a loan, whether at market or concessional rates (with or without conditions).
• recipient is required to pay interest.
• Government is paying compensation.
• payments and eligibility are established by specific legislation.
• payment is a tax offset, or an excise concession.
• NCE is making a payment to fund the operation of a CCE.
• NCE is acquiring goods and services directly from another NCE without approaching other suppliers.
• payment is only payable to a State, Territory or local Government.
• payment is under a National Partnership Agreement.
• payment is classified as Official Development Assistant (ODA).
• entity is reimbursing costs under a defined Scheme (e.g. reimbursements under an Enterprise Agreement or the Scheme for Compensation for Detriment caused by Defective Administration).

authority means the legal authority (whether expressed or implied) to exercise a power or function that can be given directly through legislation (e.g. accountable authorities’ powers under section 23 of the PGPA Act, section 32B of the Financial Framework (Supplementary Powers) Act 1997 or other specific legislation) or through a delegation or authorisation.

Commonwealth Grants Rules and Guidelines Principles 2024 (CGRPs) establish the overarching Commonwealth grants policy framework and articulate the expectations for all non-corporate Commonwealth entities in relation to grants administration. Under this overarching framework, non-corporate Commonwealth entities undertake grants administration based on the mandatory requirements and key principles of grants administration.

Commonwealth Procurement Rules (CPRs) establish the Government’s policy framework under which entities govern and undertake their own procurement. The CPRs set down the rules for Australian Government procurement and articulate the requirements for officials performing duties in relation to procurement.

entity means a Commonwealth entity and includes a Department of State, a Parliamentary Department, a listed entity or a body corporate established by a law of the Commonwealth (see section 8 of the PGPA Act).

grantee means the individual/organisation, which has been selected to receive a grant.

Official Development Assistance (ODA) is defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), available on their website http://www.oecd.org/.  The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) have responsibility for classifying payments as ODA. You should contact DFAT with questions regarding ODA.

officials means officials of a Commonwealth entity. An official of a Commonwealth entity is an individual who is in, or forms part of the entity (see section 8 of the PGPA Act).

other Consolidated Revenue Fund (CRF) money is money that forms part of the CRF other than relevant money or any other money of a kind prescribed by the rules (see section 105 of the PGPA Act).

ordinary and well-recognised functions of government relate to the administration and ordinary activities of an entity, with spending related to running costs such as the payment of staff salaries or building rental.  Generally, payments relating to the ordinary and well-recognised functions of government will come from departmental appropriations; however there can be situations where they are paid from administered appropriations.  Similarly, some payments from departmental appropriations may cover matters that are not ordinary and well‑recognised functions of government, and thus the arrangement needs to be authorised by specific legislation or under section 32B of the Financial Framework (Supplementary Powers) Act 1997 and listed in Schedule 1AA or Schedule 1AB to the Financial Framework (Supplementary Powers) Regulations 1997. 

proper when used in relation to the use or management of public resources, means efficient, effective, economical and ethical (see section 8 of the PGPA Act).

relevant money means

1. money standing to the credit of any bank account of the Commonwealth or a corporate Commonwealth entity; or
2. money that is held by the Commonwealth or a corporate Commonwealth entity; (see section 8 of the PGPA Act).

relevant property means

1. property (other than relevant money) that is owned or held by the Commonwealth or a corporate Commonwealth entity; or
2. any other thing prescribed by the rules; (see section 8 of the PGPA Act).

^[1] Corporate Commonwealth entities should use this as a guide.